संकटग्रस्त भाषाओं के शब्दकोश

1. Brief Profile of Dirang Monpa Language

The app presented here is as dictionary of Dirang Monpa language. Dirang Monpa is an indigenous ethnic community, with approximately 6,000 people, living in the North West of West Kameng frontier division of West Kameng district. According to Shafer's classification (1955, 1966). Dirang Monpa is placed in Bodish (East) section. Presently, the Monpas are living in three geographical units of Arunachal Pradesh: Tawang (Northern), Dirang (Central) and Kalaktang (Southern) areas of West Kameng district. They came in contact with the Tibetans in the north and adopted Mahayana sect of Buddhist faith. One can say that Monpas are Buddhist by religion with Tibetan affinities and dress mainly in Tibetan fashion. The Monpas are said to have migrated from Tibet's Lhasa city as well as from the eastern Bhutan at different periods in timeline. The term “Monpa'' is derived from Tibetan language, 'mon' meaning low or down land, and 'pa' meaning people.

This dictionary contains a total of 1016 words commonly used in Dirang Monpa language. The data presented here is collected by the SPPEL team led by Ankita Karmakar, a Junior Resource Person at SPPEL. We strive to add more lexical entries into this dictionary.

As a public sector organization, we also invite help from the community members of this language in helping out adding more words into this dictionary in the format given here. For more information on how you can contribute to this dictionary and other linguistic resources for Manda language, please get in touch with us at sppelincharge.ciil@gmail.com

2. Brief Profile of Manda Language

Manda is spoken in villages namely, Kathakura, Pokra, Koshabora, Godra, Dakuta, Moska, Birikot, Gopalpur, Darla, Bissamgiri, Ranipodar, Kumarkani, Domerpodar, Kosavora, Chatrang, Bolangi, Mutachova, Semelpodar, Ramganji, Tesiguda, Dabriguda, Champichuva, Indira Colony, Kanigma, Jamguda, Duliguda of Thuamul Rampur block, Kalahandi Distict, Odisha, a central Indian state in India. It is spoken by around 4,000 people in this area. It's a South-Central sub-group of Dravidian language.

This dictionary contains a total of 2011 words commonly used in Manda language (or most other languages).

3. Brief Profile of Gahri Language

Gahri is a Tibeto-Burman (West Himalayish- Tibeto-Kinauri- Tibeto-Burman) language spoken in Keylong block of Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh. The language is spoken in the Gahr Valley along the Bhaga river from its confluence with Chandra river and upstream by approximately 3000 to 4000 people in Keylong (Upper and Lower) town and the nearby villages including Billing, Gyuskyar, Yurnad, Gumling, Katchra, Mongwan, Styingri, Tayule (Gompa), Gumrang, Sikkeling, Griemas, Bokar Gompa, Sasure Gompa, Gozang, Kardang , Kardang (Gompa), Barbog, Paspara, Namchia, Lepchang, Chhelling, Pyaso, Mangmore (single home) and Pyukar.

In the available academic materials the alternate names of the Gahri language are Lahauli of Bunan, Bunan, Punan and Keylong Boli with different spellings. In the UNESCO list of endangered languages Gahri is mentioned as the alternate name of the Bunan (bfu) as ‘definitely endangered’ on the scale of vitality.

This dictionary contains a total of 2634 words commonly used in Gahri language. We strive to add more words into this dictionary.

4. Brief Profile of Gutob Gadaba Language

Gutob-Gadaba is a Munda language, spoken in Koraput district of Odisha and Visakhapatnam of Andhra Pradesh. It is classified as Munda sub group of Austro-Asiatic language family. But it is different from the Dravidian Ollar Gadaba language. According to 1981, 1991, 2001 census of India the population of all Gadaba in Odisha was 56,911, 67,138, 72,982 respectively. They are concentrated mostly in the Koraput District of Odisha and are found in large numbers in 40 villages of Lamtaput block. The social administration of the village will be handled by the Naik, Chalan and Barik. Here Naik is the village elder, who knows everything about the village. Chalan assists the Naik, selected from the elders of the village. Barik is from lower caste.

The speakers of Gutob are mostly bilingual or trilingual or multilinguals. They know their mother tongue Gutob and dialect of Odisha Desiya and some may know Hindi and also Telugu. Changes in Gutob culture are visible clearly in their language, dressing pattern, use of ornaments etc. The new generation of Gutobs are forgetting their language and using Desiya or Odiya. They started shifting to the Desiya language and approximately 85% of the Gutobs are no longer speaking their heritage language. Only the elders of the community could speak their indigenous language.

The app presented here is as dictionary of 1107 words commonly used in Gutob Gadaba language. We strive to add more words into this dictionary.

5. Brief Profile of Bondo Language

The Bondo (also known as the Bondo, BondoPoraja, Bhonda, Bonda or Remo) are one of the Primitive Tribal Groups of India. There are 30 Remo/Bondo villages which fall under the four Gram Panchayats (G.P.) namely: (i) Mundulipada, (ii) Andrahal, (iii) Rasbeda and (iv) Badadural which are in the Khairput block of Malkangiri district of Southwestern Odisha, India, near the junction of the three states of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Andhra Pradesh. As per 2011 census their population is 12,231 (Male 5669 and Female 6562). There are two different Remo/Bondo tribes: the Hill and Plain Bondos.

Bondo language belongs to the Munda branch of the Austro-Asiatic language family. It is most closely related to the Gutob-Gadaba language. The Bondo language is now an endangered tongue as more Bondos have shifted to Odia or Desiya Odia as their primary language of communication. Bondo language has two main dialects, the hill Bondo and plain Bondo. We have also noticed that there are regional dialect variations within the hill Bondo which needs further investigation. The data has collected from Kirsanipada, Bandiguda, Mundulipada and Dumbripada villages which are in the Bondo hills.

The app presented here is as dictionary of 2740 words commonly used in Bondo language. The data presented here has been collected by the Bondo language team led by Prof. K. Ramesh Kumar. We strive to add more words into this dictionary.

6. Brief Profile of Hakkipikki Language

‘Hakkipikki’ is one of the major recognized indigenous communities in Karnataka. It is generally a known fact that they are migrated from Gujarat and Rajasthan at some point of time in History. They are scattered all over Karnataka in small groups and known by different names. For the study of Hakkipikki, the language variety spoken in Ballari district of Karnataka is focused. Hakkipikkis are also known as Fansi Pardhi in Bidar, Haran Shikari in Bagalkote, Adavi Chencharu in Bijapur, Hakkipikki/Melushikari in Shimoga and Mysuru, and Pardhi in Ballari district of Karnataka. The population of Hakkipikki or Pardhi is about 8414(2001 census). It is a Indo Aryan language.

Though the community lives in Southern part of India surrounded by Dravidian languages, they speak Indo Aryan language. Scholars named their mother tongue as ‘Vaagri’. They speak ‘Vaagri’ at home but they speak Kannada for their daily business. The UNESCO has listed Hakkipikki is one of the endangered languages.

The app presented here is as dictionary of 2200 words commonly used in Hakkipikki language. We strive to add more words into this dictionary.

7. Brief Profile of Sanenyo Language

Chowra Island (also written as Chaura) (N8˚ 27’ 8” latitude E93˚ 02’ 42” longitude) is located to the south of Battimalv Island and to the north of Teressa Island. Chowra is the most densely populated one among the Nicobarese Islands. According to 2011 censes, the total population of the Chowra Island is around 1,30 (Directorate of Census Operations, 2011). There are five villages on the island, namely; Raiheon, Kuitasuk, Chongamong, Alheat, and Ta-eela. The population of these villages according to the 2011 Census is Raiheon (276), Kuitasuk (321), Chongamong (150), Alheat (190), Ta-eela (377) The island is 8.2 sq. km in area and is surrounded by a coral reef. There are no rivers, inlets or a noticeable bay. It is an entirely flat island except the t̪əhəp̚, which is a hill about 340 feet high located at the southern tip (Cruz, 2007)

Sanenyo (ISO 639-3; crv) is the native language of the people of Chowra. It is classified under the Austroasiatic language family as part of the Nicobarese subgroup which in itself is a part of the Nico-Monic subgroup (Austro-Asiatic 🡪 Nico-Monic 🡪 Nicobarese 🡪Sanenyo) (Diffloth, 2005). According to UNESCOs language vitality scale, the language status is 6a, vigorous (Ethnologue, 2015)².

Interestingly, in almost every inhabited island of Central Nicobar, one can find people who can speak or at least understand Sanenyo. The main reason behind this vast reach of Sanenyo might be the lack of resources in Chowra Island, due to which the Chowra people started sailing to the other neighboring Islands like Car Nicobar in the north and other islands of the Central Nicobar in search of resources. This voyage led them to new and different places, cultures and languages. But somehow even then they maintained their own language and culture, although they learned other languages, especially ‘moot’ (the language of Kamorta), luro (the language of the neighboring island Teressa) and also Pu (the language of Car-Nicobar and also the language of the Bible).

The app presented here is as dictionary of 1711 words commonly used in Sanenyo language. We strive to add more words into this dictionary.

8. Brief Profile of Bhunjia Language

The Bhunjia tribes are of two varieties namely Chukutia Bhunjia and Chinda Bhunjia. The term ‘Bhunjia’ means growing out of land or origin from the earth. Bhunjia tribes are inhabited in the Nuapada district in the western part of Odisha. Under Nuapada there are five tehsils – Nuapada, Komna, Khariar, Sinapalli and Borden. .Sunabeda plateau is considered to be the homeland of the Bhunjia tribe. They speak Bhunjia language among themselves rather than the language of wider community. Bhunjia belongs to Indo-Aryan language family.

The Chukutia Bhunjia is in strict observance of the rules of ceremonial purity. The kitchen is called as ‘Lal bangla’ la:l means red, which is built by the red mud, where Chuktia Bhunjia’s cook their food, In case if any outsider (other caste) enters the inside of the kitchen even by mistake, then it is set on fire and a fresh one is built. The marriage of a brother’s son or daughter to a sister’s daughter or son is considered as the most suitable one. The men and Women wear white colour cloth in every occasion. The profession of Bhunjia tribes includes of shifting cultivation and rearing of animals such as cattle, goat, hen, cow etc.

The app presented here is as dictionary of 1927 words commonly used in Sanenyo language. We strive to add more words into this dictionary.

9. Brief Profile of Malayan Language

Malayan is one of the tribal communities in Kerala. They are speaking the Malayan language which is spoken by less than 10,000 speakers. Malayan tribes are mainly living in the four districts of Kerala (Trissur, Ernakulam, Idukki, and Kottayam). Data are collected from Trissur district.The Malayan people are calling themselves Malayamaar or Malayangudi but their name is in the government documents that Malayan only.

Basically, Malayan belongs to Dravidian family. The people of Malayan speak Malayan language. Malayan is the name of their race and language. As the present generation is staying and studying in hostel for years, most of the time, they are not staying with their parents. So they speak Malayalam which is their medium of instructions, Middle age people also speak Malayalam. But only elder people speak Malayan to converse within the same age group.

The app presented here is as dictionary of 1000 words commonly used in Sanenyo language. We strive to add more words into this dictionary.

10. Brief Profile of Lamkang Language

Lamkang is one of the Naga tribes of Manipur, in Northeast of India. Linguistically, Lamkang is an Old Kuki-Chin in Sal group of Tibeto-Burman languages (Bradley 2002). Hiroi-Lamgang, Lamkaang, and Lamkang Naga are few alternate names of the community. Traditionally, in the oral literature they were known as Ksen, which means ‘red’ in Lamkang. That is, they were called ‘red people’ by their neighboring tribes. Today, the autonym ‘Ksen Lamkaang’ is conventionally used by Lamkang people to refer to them. It is generally conceived that the native speakers of Lamkang deny in the existence of dialectal variations within the community just on the basis of their high mutual intelligibility. They are mostly settled in Chandel district, which is the southwest and southeastern part of Manipur. Moreover, Lamkang Colony, Nagaram (Imphal) and Haikaveen (Dimapur) in Nagaland are two recent settlements. According to Census 2001, Lamkang has 4,524 populations.

The app presented here is as dictionary of 1483 words commonly used in Lamkang language. We strive to add more words into this dictionary.

11. Brief Profile of Soliga Language

Soliga language is belongs to Dravidian language family. It is spoken mainly in Karnataka and Tamilnadu. Soliga language is mainly spoken at home and within the community. Their communication with others is in Kannada in Karnataka and Tamil in Tamilnadu.

The Soligas are popularly known as Soliga/Sholiga/Soligaru. Their main area of habitat is in the Chamarajangara district of Karnataka. The Soliga population is concentrated in and around the forest areas of Biligiri Rangana Hills and Male Mahadeshwara Hills of Yelanduru and Kollegala taluks of Chamarajangara district and also in the Mysore district and in the neighboring areas of Tamilnadu. Few minor sections of the community have spread over the other districts of Karnataka. According to 2011 Census, population of Soliga is about 33,871 in Karnataka and 5,965 in Tamilnadu. Their settlements are known as ‘haaDi’ and ‘pooDu’.

Among many beliefs about the origin of the Soligas, the piece of information that their ancestors originated from the bamboo is the most believed one. The word ‘Soliga’ is a “corruption of the Tamil word colai or solai (a thicket) and refers to the dense thickets in which they live”, and Soliga is ‘the one from the Solai’(Luiz, 1963). There are three types of Soligas, namely ‘aidu-kula Soligaru (five clan), eeLu kula Soligaru (Seven clan) and hanneraDu kula Soligaru (twelve clan).

The app presented here is as dictionary of 2011 words commonly used in Soliga language. We strive to add more lexical entries into this dictionary.

12. Brief Profile of Siddi Language

In Karnataka State the Siddis are found in Uttar Kannada, Dharwad and Belgaum districts. The main concentration is in Uttar Kannada district where they found in Yellapur, Haliyal, Ankola, Mundgod and Sirsi taluks. In other two districts they are found in one taluk each in Khanapur of Belgaum and Kalghatgi of Dharwad district. These two taluks are adjacent to Uttar Kannada districts. Siddis are also found in Goa, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh. As per 2011 State primary census abstract for individual Scheduled tribes survey records in Uttara Kannada district, As per 2011 State Primary Census Abstract For Individual Scheduled Tribes survey records in Uttara Kannada district, Siddis having a total population of 10,477, of these, males were 5,164 and females 5,313.

The word ‘Siddi’ is derived Arabic word ‘saiyidi’ meaning ‘my lord’. It is interesting to mention about the history of Siddi people came to settle in Karnataka state. The tribe is said to have been migrated from the Southeast Africa and known as a descended from Bantus people. Their settlement in the state of Karnataka is narrated, as they were brought to Indian subcontinent as a slave mainly by Arabs, the Portuguese and the Dutch in between 16th and 19th centuries. During the time of Goa inquisition some of the Siddis were freed and some were escaped into the forest of the neighboring Karnataka State. To find out and construct the Siddis detail history in India and in Karnataka is difficult as it seems the bulk of the inquisition’s records were destroyed. However, some few records that view present a picture of oppression and ill treatment that they were subjected to. Most of them were victims of slave trade and some were assigned military mercenaries by the Nawabs in the 15th-16th centuries. But few of them are said to have escaped from slavery.

Siddis speak a mixture of Siddi with Kannada, Konkani and Marati languages. In addition to these languages they also use Kannada, English, Urdu and Hindi. Siddis are mainly a landless community, but a few of them possess cultivable lands.

The app presented here is as dictionary of 1583 words commonly used in Siddi language. We strive to add more words into this dictionary.

Dictionaries Of Endangered Languages

1. Brief Profile of Dirang Monpa Language

2. Brief Profile of Manda Language

3. Brief Profile of Gahri Language

4. Brief Profile of Gutob Gadaba Language

5. Brief Profile of Bondo Language

6. Brief Profile of Hakkipikki Language

7. Brief Profile of Sanenyo Language

8. Brief Profile of Bhunjia Language

9. Brief Profile of Malayan Language

10. Brief Profile of Lamkang Language

11. Brief Profile of Soliga Language

12. Brief Profile of Siddi Language

Photo Gallery

Contact info

Dictionaries Of Endangered Languages

1. Brief Profile of Dirang Monpa Language

2. Brief Profile of Manda Language

3. Brief Profile of Gahri Language

4. Brief Profile of Gutob Gadaba Language

5. Brief Profile of Bondo Language

6. Brief Profile of Hakkipikki Language

7. Brief Profile of Sanenyo Language

8. Brief Profile of Bhunjia Language

9. Brief Profile of Malayan Language

10. Brief Profile of Lamkang Language

11. Brief Profile of Soliga Language

12. Brief Profile of Siddi Language

Photo Gallery

Video Gallery

Contact info